Decentralised order book models are a technology available on decentralised exchanges (DEXs) for peer-to-peer trading, without centralised intermediaries. These are systems where anyone can buy and sell on the blockchain — all transparent and immutable. Here is how the idea works:
Centralised vs. Decentralised Order Book Models
- Control and Custody
- Centralised Order Book Models:
- Control: Operated by a single entity (e.g., an exchange) which controls all aspects of trading.
- Custody: Users deposit their funds into the exchange’s wallets. The exchange holds and manages these assets, which can create risks if the exchange is hacked or has mismanaged funds.
- Decentralised Order Book Models:
- Control: Operated through a distributed system of nodes or smart contracts that facilitate peer-to-peer trading without any centralised intervention.
- Custody: Owners keep their money in wallets, and only release assets upon execution of a trading process to prevent theft or mismanagement.
- Order Management
- Centralised Order Book Models:
- Order matching: Orders are matched on the exchange’s servers. This typically leads to faster transactions but is based on the exchange’s network.
- Liquidity: Usually higher liquidity because they have a large number of users and can collect orders, which make the spreads less narrow.
- Decentralised Order Book Models:
- Order matching: Orders may be matched on-chain or off-chain, depending on the model. This can introduce delays and higher costs for execution.
- Liquidity: In most cases, liquidity is lesser than a centralised exchange, which results in wide spreads and slippage.
- Transparency
- Centralised Order Book Models:
Limited transparency; users must trust the exchange to operate fairly, and provide accurate information. Order books may not be fully visible to users.
- Decentralised Order Book Models:
Extremely open with orders and transactions documented on a public blockchain so anyone can audit and check trade integrity.
- Security and Trust
- Centralised Order Book Models:
- Security Risks: Centralised exchanges can be targets for hacking. If compromised, users may lose their funds.
- Trust: Users must trust the exchange to safeguard their funds and execute trades fairly.
- Decentralised Order Book Models:
- Security Risks: Lesser risks of hacking, at the exchange level, since users control their private keys. However, smart contract vulnerabilities can still pose risks.
- Trust: Trust is distributed; users don’t need to trust a single entity but must understand and trust the underlying technology and protocols.
How do Decentralised Order Book Models work?
Let us look at some key steps on how order book models work.
Navigation and Order Processing.
First, the user adds their crypto wallet to a DEX. Customers place the orders by entering the type (buy/sell), asset, price, and number.
Order Book Maintenance
- Off-Chain Order Book: Many decentralised order books hold orders on a centralised server, and not on the blockchain, to save on fees and improve performance.
- On-Chain Order Book: Some DEXs store every order, on the blockchain, for everything to be fully transparent, but it takes more gas to power and can be slower.
Order Matching
- Matching Engine: The DEX pairs buy and sell with a matching engine. This can happen in many ways:
- Off-Chain Matching: Orders are matched off-chain, where the server or protocol finds compatible orders and notifies the users involved.
- On-Chain Matching: If both orders are on-chain, the matching occurs through smart contracts that facilitate the trade once the conditions are met.
- Visibility: Users can see the current order book with active buy and sell orders. This visibility helps them make informed trading decisions.
Trade Execution
- Smart Contract Interaction: Once a match is found (for instance, a buy order matches a sell order), the execution involves a smart contract.
Order Fulfilment
- Transfer of Assets: When executed successfully, the smart contract transfers funds from the buyer’s wallet to the seller’s wallet.
- Transaction Confirmation: The transaction is approved by the blockchain, and the newly released balances appear in both users’ wallets.
Benefits and Challenges
Let us look at some benefits and challenges of decentralised order book models.
Benefits:
- Transparency: Users can view the entire order book, promoting trust.
- Security: Users maintain control of their funds, reducing risks associated with centralised exchanges.
- Autonomy: Users can set specific prices and conditions for their trades.
Challenges:
- Liquidity: Often lower than centralised exchanges, which can lead to slippage.
- Gas Costs: Fees can accumulate, especially during times of network congestion.
- Complexity: Users may find the interface and processes more complex than centralised platforms.
Real-World Examples
Here are some real-world examples of decentralised order book models, highlighting their key features, functionalities, and use cases:
- 0x Protocol
0x is an open-source protocol for developing decentralised exchanges, and the peer-to-peer trading of Ethereum tokens.
- How It Works:
- Off-Chain Order Book: 0x maintains an off-chain order book for order administration and matching, which minimises the need for gas and latency.
- Relayers: Users submit orders to relayers, which host the order book and facilitate order matching. Relayers can charge fees for their services.
- Key Features:
- Allows for limit orders, which users can set to buy or sell at specific prices.
- Supports multiple tokens, enabling diverse trading pairs.
- Promotes interoperability across different DEXs built on the protocol.
- dYdX
dYdX is a decentralised exchange that provides options for derivatives and margin trading as well as spot trading.
- How It Works:
- Hybrid Model: Hybrid architecture of off-chain order matching and on-chain settlement to maximise the efficiency of dYdX. Trading is available for off-chain orders by users, with the final trade executed on-chain.
- Automated Market Maker (AMM): Although it has more classic order book features, dYdX also makes use of AMMs for trading pairs.
- Key Features:
- Provides sophisticated trading capabilities, such as perpetual contracts and margin trading.
- Offers traders to leverage their positions for trading purposes.
- Pair up with layer-2 vendors (such as StarkWare) for greater scalability and lower cost.
- Loopring
Loopring is a decentralised exchange protocol designed to offer efficient, low-cost trades with zk-rollups and scale.
- How It Works:
- On-chain Settlement with Off-chain Order Book: Loopring manages orders with off-chain order books, using zk-rollups, to batch transactions and settle them on-chain.
- Automated Market Maker (AMM) Integration: Loopring brings order book functions, together with AMM, to offer liquidity.
- Key Features:
- High-speed trading with low gas fees due to zk-rollup technology.
- Users maintain control of their private keys while trading.
- Supports various Ethereum tokens and allows for liquidity pools.
Future Outlook
The future is looking bright for decentralised order book systems thanks to a continuous progression in blockchain technology, regulations, and user preferences. Here are some key trends and potential future directions:
Increased Adoption
As DeFi continues to emerge, we should also see decentralised order books acquiring even more users seeking alternatives to centralised exchanges. It may increase the number of users and trading volumes.
Integration of Layer-2 Solutions
Layer-2 options (optimistic rollups, zk-rollups, etc.) should also scale the models of the decentralised order book, enabling more transactions per second and lesser fees.
Enhanced Liquidity Mechanisms
The development of liquidity aggregator platforms, which can source liquidity from multiple DEXs, can help address liquidity challenges. These aggregators can offer better prices and reduce slippage for traders. Further novel liquidity pool structures and reward mechanisms are expected to arise, enticing users to provide liquidity in decentralised order books and, thus, improve trading dynamics.
Conclusion
Decentralised order books have revolutionised the industry by peer-to-peer trading with no middleman. Powered by blockchain technology, such models provide users with greater control, transparency, and security without any additional custodial risks.
While lower liquidity, transaction fees, and cluttered user experiences remain challenges, continued improvements in scalability, interoperability, and regulation will likely help mitigate them. With the expansion and development of the decentralised finance ecosystem, decentralised order book models are anticipated to be more significant in shaping the future of trading to make it both more accessible and more effective for all users across the globe.
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